Proceeding ICBB (The International Conference on Bioscience and Biotechnology)

Analysis Interaction of Glucosyltransferase Inhibitor of Caries from Fatty Acid by Molecular Docking Simulation

Alfred Pakpahan, Fadilah — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

The most common human oral disease is the oral infection dental caries. Dental caries mostly caused by Streptococcus mutans that produces extracellular glucosyltransferases (GTFs) that synthesized glucan from sucrose. These glucan is important in determining the permeability properties and adhesiveness of dental plaque. In order to prevent synthesis of glucan formation, inhibitor substances is needed to block the activity of enzyme glucosyltransferase. Nowdays the enzyme inhibitors are used to prevent dental plaque formation are not optimally effective, so the new emerge natural substances is need to develop. In this research, we have conducted in- silico study to analysis of Oleic acid, Palmitic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid from coconut oil, which has a role as GTFs inhibitor of dental caries. The docking result identified that oleic acid have greater affinity and ability to inhibit of GTFs, this affinity oleic acid complexs is 7.262 µM and energy minimized is -5.6863 Kcal/mol . They have residues contact of OH binding to GTFs are 2 formed hydrogen binding in catalytic site lys228 with score 28.7 % and H distance 2.61 Ao , gly315 with score 35.8 % and H distance 2.77 Ao. The docking result showed that oleic acid has better binding energy and affinity than other bioactive compounds.

Effect of Nanocomposite-based Packaging on Postharvest Quality of Water Content-treated Coffee Beans during Storage

Erdawati, Riskiono — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical, chemical, and sensory qualities of green coffeebeans (Coffea arabica L.) during storage in nanopackaging packaging. A novel nanocomposite-based packaging (NCP) was prepared by blending polyethylene (PE) with nano-Ag,chitosan nanoparticle and montmorillonite. The effects of NCP on the quality parameters of water content tretaed coffee beans were investigated during the 21 d of storage at 25 °C. The results showed that adding nanoparticles to the PE significantly decreased the oxygen, water vapor permeability and longitudinal strength . The weight loss, water content , color variation and proximate content of coffee bean were significantly inhibited by 22.67%, 124.84%, 23.46% and 14.42%. The results of this analysis demonstrated that this NCP can potentially increase the effectiveness of methods used to preserve and maintain quality in coffe beans during postharvest storage.

The Modification of Coffee Leaves Beverage (Air Kawa) Processing Through Enzymatic Oxidation

P. Darmadji, E.L.D. Permatasari, U. Santoso — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Air kawa is a traditional beverage from coffee leaves in West Sumatera. Processed by dried and boiled the leaves. One method of processing to improved beverage flavor by performing enzymatic oxidation coffee leaves. Coffee leaves were processed by modification method to get Air Kawa beverage by oxidation enzymatic. The process includes t he series of withering, milling / rolling, enzymatic oxidation, drying and brewing. In the process, coffee leaves were divided to two types, leaves in the top and first leaves from the top (p+1) and the second and third of leaves from the top (2+3). The dryer were divided to three types are cabinet dryer, roaster, and cabinet smoker. And brewed was performed with varied the drink to three concentrations, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% (w/v). This study also determined the effect of type of leaves, type of dryer, and variation of concentrations to consumer acceptance. And also to evaluate tannin content in astringent taste and brown color, caffeine content in bitter taste, and pH in flavor of Air Kawa beverage that most favored by consumer. Air kawa most favored by consumers with high intensity of flavor, brown color and freshness and with low intensity of bitter and astringent taste. Leaves p + 1 are a leaves that can be accepted by consumers in the manufacture Air kawa. Roaster is a most acceptable to consumers. Concentration 0.5% (w/v) is acceptable consumers. Intensity the astringent taste and brown color is not only influenced by the tannin content. Intensity the bitter taste is not only influenced by caffeine content. Intensity of flavor is not only influenced by pH. PH ranged from 5.08 – 5.47. Caffeine content ranged from 94.50 – 139.22 ppm, tannins content of Air Kawa ranged from 106.80 – 385.73 ppm.

Utilization of Ligninolityc Enzyme in Biobleaching of Pulp from Empty Fruit Bunches of Oil Palm

Happy Widiastuti, Suharyanto, Siswanto — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

A study was conducted to assess the possibility of using white rot fungi in bleaching of pulp from empty fruit bunches of oil palm (EFBOP) in laboratory scale. Bleaching of EFBOP-pulp was done by inoculating Omphalina sp. and Pleurotus ostreatus or their ligninolityc enzyme and incubated for 20 days. The results showed that the opacity of the paper obtained from EFBOP qualify as newspaper. However the physical properties of paper sheets such as tensile index, water absorption, formation, and the degree of white is not yet qualify as a newspaper based on ISO standards. The use of enzyme (100%) for EFBOP bleaching process produces sheets of paper that was not fullfil standard of newsprint. It seem likely that a combination between chemical and biological processes still to be considered for the manufacturing of paper from EFBOP.

Nutritional Profile of Freeze-dried Red Seaweeds From Semporna, Sabah

Mansoor Abdul Hamid, Patricia Matanjun , Tiang Ming Chee — Mon, 29 Jul 2019 00:00:00 +0700

Three varieties of Kappaphycus alvarezii, which were widely cultivated in Semporna , Sabah include Aring-Aring, Crocodile Skin, and Green Flower was dried through freezed drying process and then analyzed to determine its proximate chemical composition, vitamin C, mineral element, and also fatty acid profile. The seaweeds found were high in dietary fiber (81.80 – 84.60%) and ash (6.36 – 8.97%) and low in lipid content (0.40 – 0.54%) on dry weight (DW) basis. Protein content in these seaweeds are range from 4.67 – 4.73% DW. Vitamin C content in these seaweeds is significantly high (21.10 – 32.57 mg/100g). The PUFA content in Aring-Aring was 8.02%, Crocodile Skin 8.45% and Green Flower 12.12%. This study was conducted to give a basic nutritional data for these three varieties of Kappaphycus alvarezii as guidance for further investigation especially for heat sensitive components such as antioxidant.

Comparison of Seed Nutmeg Oleoresin Extraction (Myrictica Houtt fragrans) Origin of North Maluku and Maceration Method Using Combined Distillation–Maceration

Muhammad Assagaf, Pudji Hastuti, Chusnul Hidayat, Supriyadi, Sri Yuliani — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

The purpose of this study was to compare the composition of oleoresin nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) made directly by maceration and distillation combined - maceration. nutmeg oleoresin yield amounted to 15.17 (% db) obtained by direct maceration and oleoresin extraction method combined distillation and maceration obtained yield of 20.08 (% db). While the essential oil yield itself from the water-steam distillation of the results obtained at 6.61 (% db). Ethanol extract of oleoresin analysis using GCMS method identified a total of 39 kinds of compounds with the composition of major components is methyleugenol (33.40%), myristicine (10.90%), cis-methyl isoeugenol (9.09%), elemicin (8:33%), and isocoumarin (5.61 %). For nutmeg essential oil contained 31 components of the compound, where the components are located in large numbers was sabinene (34.97%), ?-phellandrene (19.9%), methyleugenol (7:55%), myristicine (5:29%) and elimicine (3:21 %). As for the essential oil is mixed with the oleoresin from the pulp remaining distillation contained 58 components that make up the compound of the oleoresin with a mixture of main components, namely: sabinene (12:38%) myristicine (10.88%), elemicin (8.93%), isocoumarin 6:26 (%), myristic acid (5.96%), and ?-pinene (4.73%).

Development Process of Frying Distillation in Capturing Flavor that Formed During Deep Frying

P. Darmadji, Y. M. Rahmadewi, H. Firdaus, A. Sausania, Supriyanto — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Frying distillation was a new process that developed to capture the flavor that formed during deep frying. It was studied using simple water distillation apparatus. The design experiment were carried out to map the best combination between time, temperature, and ratio (between material and heating medium) that used in the frying distillation process. From the best design experiment of frying distillation will be obtained the flavor and the components will be analysed using GC-MS. The material that used in the frying distillation process were dried shallot, dreid onion, and dried garlic. They have specific flavor when deep frying. The flavor that formed during deep frying will be captured by frying distillation and will be analysed by GC -MS. Shallot, onion, and garlic were pelled, cut, and then dried using a cabinet dryer (45-50 oC) for 22-24 hours. After that, tempering during 20-24 hours and then weighing. Dried shallot, dried onion, and dried garlic were inserted into the distillation flask and mixed with oil, until each of them was completely submerged. There were differences in the frying distillation time, temperature, and ratio between material and heating medium for dried shallot, dried onion, and dried garlic. Each components that captured from deep frying shallot, onion, and garlic were not contain burnt attributes.

Effect Roasting of Indonesian Sesame Seed (Sesamum indicum L.) on Odour Profil and Degree of Liking of The Oil

Pudji Hastuti, Wahdan, Supriyanto, Supriyadi — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Roasting of sesame seed is regarded as important treatment for developing the odour of sesame oil, however, the effect of the roasting condition on the odour in term of sensory profile has not reported yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of roasting condition on the odour profil of sesame oil. Roasting of sesame seed was carried out at three level of roasting temperature (180, 200 and 2200C) and three level of roasting time (10, 20, and 30 minutes), followed by pressing using hydraulic press at 140 kN for 5 minutes for obtaining the oil. The produced oil were evaluated for the odour profil by Descriptive Sensory Evaluation method using 8 trained panels, whereas degree of liking was determined by Hedonic Scale Scoring method using 30 untrained panels. The trained panels revealed that they perceived 13 odour stimulus in the sesame oil, namely: roasty, roasty coffee-like, roasty popcorn-like, roasty potato-like, earthy potato-like, caramel-like, mushroom-like, clove-like, burnt rubbery, burn sweet, meaty, spicy, sulforous onion-like. However their intensities were varies with the roasting condition. The odour profil was presented as spiderweb figure. The degree of liking was varies with the roasting condition and the panels. Beside the odour, it was revealed that appearence also affect the degree of liking.

Antioxidant Activity and Compounds of Indonesian Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Oil

Pudji Hastuti, Lukita Purnamayati, Siswanti, Supriyanto — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop in the world, which can be well cultivated in Indonesia. Roasting is an important step for obtaining sesame oil from the seed. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of roasting, on (i) oil yield, and (ii) antioxidant activity and compounds in the oil. The roasting of the sesame seed were carried out at 1800C) for 30 minutes). The roasted and unroasted seed were then pressed using hydraulic press at 140 kN for 5 minutes for obtaining the oil. The produced oil were evaluated for oil yields, the antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds, ?-tocopherol, sesamin, sesamolin, and sesamol contents of the oil. It was found that the oil yield, antioxidant activity and compound of the oil were significantly affected by roasting. The oil yields for unroasted and roasted sesame seed were 23.91 and 36.63 %, respectively. Roasting found not to affect the total phenolic compound, but increase the antioxidant activity of roasting oil almost as twice as in unroasting oil. Roasting may lowered the ?-tocopherol and sesamolin contents in the oil, but increased the sesamol content. To some extent roasting of this seed also increase the degree of liking to the oil.

Application of Liquid Smoke and Smoke Powder for Process Development Instant Seasoning of Indonesian Traditional Food

Purnama Darmadji, Mutiara Anindita, Sri Suparyati — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

This research was initiated to determine the right formula pasta and powder curry and chicken opor seasonings. Then, determine the lowest concentration of liquid smoke as a threshold and maximum concentration of liquid smoke on each type of seasoning. Furthermore, the research results were used to determine five different concentrations on sensory testing. Based on the assessment panel's favorite, the optimum concentration can be obtained so as to produce the traditional smoke flavor. Threshold of liquid smoke to give flavor in curry pasta is 0.025% (v/v) while in the powder 0.04% (w/v) and for chicken opor pasta is 0.015% (v/v) while in powder 0.01% (w/v). The maximum concentration in the pasta curry and chicken opor seasoning are 0.4% and 0.8% (v/v) while the powder is 1.0% and 1,25% (w/v). The result of ANOVA test shows that pasta curry and chicken opor seasoning at concentration 0.15% and 0.25% (v/v) and powder seasoning at concentration 0.12% and 0.20% (w/v) is the optimum concentration of traditional smoke flavors.

A Novel Process to Prepare Chemoselectively Protected N-Phthaloyl- Chitosan without Drying of Solvent and Purging of Water Vapor

Radna Nurmasari, Uripto Trisno Santoso, Dewi Umaningrum — Sat, 30 Jul 2011 00:00:00 +0700

A new process for preparing chemoselectively protected N-phthaloyl-chitosan macrospheres, which was simple and practicable, was reported in this paper. Chitosan was phthaloylated using phthalic anhydride in dimethylformamide as solvent with addition of 5% water (v/v) as cosolvent and without drying of solvent to remove the contained water and without flowing of nitrogen to purge water vapor during reaction process. As comparison, the same condition reaction was also performed to prepare N-phthaloyl-chitosan but without addition of 5% water as cosolvent. The FTIR spectra showed that chemoselectively protected N-phthaloylation of chitosan can be prepared without pretreatment of solvent drying and without treatment of water vapor purging during the reaction.

Encapsulation of Phenolic Compound from Star Fruit with Chitosan Nanoparticle

Riskiono Slamet, Erdawati — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

The use of chitosan for the encapsulation of active components has gained interest in the last years due to its mucous adhesiveness, non-toxicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability. The benefits of encapsulating active agents in a polymer matrix include their protection from the surrounding medium or processing conditions and their controlled release.In this study chitosan nanoparticles were obtained for the encapsulation of phenolic compound. Chitosan anoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate. X-ray diffraction, FTIR, and TEM were used to structurally characterize these chitosan nanoparticle products. The penolic compound were added to the sodium tripolyphosphate solution and this was added dropwise to the chitosan solution while stirring. The effect of the encapsulating systems on the phenolic compound stability and its release properties was analyzed.The products obtained allowed to control the release of phenolic compound and therefore these encapsulating methods are a promising technique for nutraceutical and cosmetic applications.

Transition State Analysis of HMM for DNA Exon Controlling Using Bioinformatic Simulation

Suhartati Agoes, Alfred Pakpahan, Binti Solihah — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

This paper describes the analysis of transition state value of HMM for DNA exon controlling using Bioinformatic simulation. Exon region in DNA is called a coding sequence (CDS) of genes in many regions at least two regions of exon. HMM model is generate using start and stop gene as a state and consist of three bases in each states. Furthermore, the region of intron in the model is able to increase the states by separating bases GT and bases AG from the length of intron. HMM properties and parameters such as Markov chain, transition state, emission state, HMM training and HMM testing is used to identify original exon region with estimated exon. The performance of estimation result shown by Correlation Coefficient (CC). Random values of transition state used for HMM train makes many differences in the CC of the model. Furthermore, the analysis of transition state values is very important to finding optimum of CC. Several models with the parameters of HMM were simulated, trained and tested for the implementation of number of states with HMM method. The simulation result predicted that the CC value is very much influenced by the value of transition state and improved the number of states on the model makes increasing of CC.

Synthesis of a Series of Calix[6]arenePolymers fromp-ter-butylphenol

Susy Yunita Prabawati, Jumina, Sri Juari Santosa, Mustofa — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

A research has been conducted to synthesize ofa series of novel calix[6]arene -based polymers 2a-cusing p-tert-butylphenol as a starting material. It was of interest to study calix[6]arene and its derived polymers which have cavity size larger than calix[4]arene.The synthesis was carried out in several steps i.e (1) formation of p-tert-butylcalix[6]arene from p-tert-butylphenol, (2) treatment of p-tert -butylcalix[6]arene with allyl bromide under alkaline condition to yield compound 1a, (3) esterification of 1a to yield 1b, (4) hydrolysis of 1b with chloride acid to yield 1c and (5) polymerization of 1a-cby treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid to yield a series of polypropyl-calix[6]arenes2a-c. The structures of those products were observed by means of melting point, FTIR and 1H NMR spectrometers. The 1H NMR spectra showed that one allyl group had been incorporated to the lower rim of the p-tert-butylcalix[6]arene.The polymers 2a-cwereobtained as brownish crystals with the melting point of 199-201; 99-101; and 101-103 oC respectively. With a tunnel-like structure of the polymers, they can be usedas adsorbents to trap heavy metal ions.

Study of Thermal Stability of Riboflavin Synthase of Eremothecium gossypii Through Molecular Dynamics Approach

Syarifuddin Idrus, Usman S. F. Tambunan — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Eremothecium gossypii has the enzymes that able to produce riboflavin naturally. The enzyme that responsible for the final production of riboflavin is riboflavin synthase. Riboflavin synthase catalyzes conversion of two molecules of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine into each one molecule riboflavin and 4-ribitylamino-5-aminouracil. In this study, we determined the interaction of riboflavin synthase isolated from Eremothecium gossypii with 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine. We performed a computational approach to see the active sites of riboflavin synthase that play a role in the production of riboflavin. We designed riboflavin synthase isolated from Eremothecium gossypii as a model in PDB format. As a template, the structure of riboflavin synthase isolated from Schizosaccharomyces pombe with 1KZL PDB code was used. The thermal stability of enzyme had been conducted on the molecular dynamics simulation approach at 300K, 310K, 315K, 325K, 335K, and 350K. The results showed that amino acid residues which interact include Thr154, Ile169, Thr172, Val6, and Gly102 at the C-terminal domain and Thr56, Gly68, Ala70, Val109, and His108 at the N-terminal domain. Residue Thr154 was from the C-terminal domain and His108 was from the N-terminal domain, represents two-subunit of the enzyme that acts as an early stage at riboflavin catalysis reaction. These results shown that only one of active sites of the enzyme (N-terminal domain) catalyze riboflavin formation. Molecular dynamics simulation showed the calculation of RMSD values at 300 K and 315 were fluctuated in the range of 22-26 ? from the initial state. At 320 K and 335 K, fluctuation occurred in the range of 29-34 ?. At 350 K, fluctuation occurred in 38-45 ? and the domains structure had separated.

Tosylation of N-Phthaloyl-Chitosan without Drying of Solvents and Purging of Water Vapor

Uripto Trisno Santoso, Radna Nurmasari, Dewi Umaningrum — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Tosylation of N-phthaloyl-chitosan, without pretreatment of solvent drying and without treatment of water vapor purging during the reaction has been studied. N-phthaloyl-chitosan was tosylated using excess tosyl chloride in dimethyl acetamide/LiCl as solvent and triethyl amine as catalyst at temperature < 10°C for 12 h. As comparison, the tosylation reaction was also performed using phthaloyl-chitosan (protection of chitosan by phthaloyl group was not chemoselective at amine groups only) as a raw material. The solvents were not dried prior to use and all subsequence reactions were not performed under nitrogen atmosphere. The result showed that by using phthaloyl-chitosan as a raw material, there is no product of tosylation can be isolated. The FTIR spectrum showed that 6-O-tosyl-N-phthaloyl-chitosan could be formed using CPNPC as raw material. It indicated that the success of tosylation can be influenced by selectivity of phthaloyl group protection on chitosan. These results showed that a tosylated- chitosan can also be prepared without pretreatment of solvent drying and treatment of water vapor purging during the reaction.

Associations between Blood Lead Level and Blood Pressure among City Minibus Drivers in Purwokerto City, Indonesia

Agung Saprasetya Dwi Laksana, Endo Dardjito — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Hypertension occurence is increasing in Indonesia. In 2009, the prevalence was 21%. Exposure to lead is well documented as the important risk factor related to the occurence of the disease. In indonesia, leaded gasoline is still being used, and no prohibition was made by the authorities. This lead to increase the risk of people who are exposed to lead pollution in the air to suffer from hypertension, including city minibus drivers. Minibus is used to mass transport in Purwokerto city, Indonesia. This research aimed to examine the association between blood lead level and blood pressure among city minibus drivers in Purwokerto City, Indonesia. The research was observational, cross-sectional study. The respondents were city minibus drivers in Purwokerto city that were not have a history of essensial hypertention in their family and have been work as minibus driver for at least one year. Blood pressure was measured using Hg sphygmomanometer and blood lead level was measured using AAS. Among 300 city minibus drivers, only 54 agreed to be recruited as respondents. Pearson’s correlation was used to analyse the data. The result showed that all respondent have blood lead level >20 µg/dL and the mean of blood lead level was high, 49.99 µg/dL, whereas the mean of systole and dyastole blood pressure were 126,67 mmHg and 86,11 mmHg respectively. Hypertension prevalence was 338,89%. Pearson correlation analysis showed that blood lead level has no significant association with both systolic blood pressure (R=0.114; p= 0.413) and diastolic blood pressure (R=0,252; p=0.066). No significant association between blood lead level and hypertension (X2=2,424, p=0,202, C=0,207).

Rat Sperm Proteomic Analysis: Effect of the Antifertility Agent Centellaasiatica L.

Irfan Yunianto, Mahanem Mat Noor — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Oral intake of CentellaasiaticaL. has been reported to have an antifertility effecton sperm quality. In this study the effects of C.asiaticaL. treatment in male rat sperm quality and sperm protein expression were analyzed. Thirty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats twelve weeks old were divided into four groups: control group; low dose group (100 mg/kg body weight); medium dose group (200 mg/kg body weight); and high dose group (300 mg/kg body weight). All treated groups were force-fed with an ethanolic extract of C.asiaticaL. and the control group was force-fed with distilled water, respectively for 42 days. Rats were sacrificed on day 43. Cauda epididymal rat sperm from control and high dose treatment were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for comparison of protein expression profiles. Results showed that caudaepididymal sperm count and motilityin treated groups showed a significant decrease compared to control. Medium and high dose treatments showed the most significant reduction (p<0.05).Proteomic study revealed significant changes in sperm protein expression between control (282 spots) versus high dose treated group (234 spots). The matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis of the selected spots exhibited five spots differentially expressed identified as alpha enolase, aldolase A, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutaminesynthetase and lipocalin. Sorbitol dehydrogenase was present in the control group, but not in the treated group. This enzyme plays an important role in sperm motility and is associated with the maturation of the germinal epithelial layer of seminiferous tubules.The lipocalin protein also disappeared in the treated group. This transport protein plays a significant role in epididymal function. It was concludedthat C. asiaticaL.have antifertility activities in rats sperm quality and protein expression.

Tapak Liman (Elephantopus scaber L) as Imunostimulator and Its Effect on Lymphocyte Differentiation in Mice BALB/C

Marmi Kelik — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Tapak liman (Elephantopus scaber, L) is one of the plants that have medicinal properties and diverse roles and efforts of maintenance, improvement and restoration of health and disease treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of extracts of Tapak Liman (Elephantopus scaber L) as imuno stimulator to the development of lymphocytes in mice BALB / C The procedure of this study was to test extracts aquades in vivo with various treatments (control, treatment of 0.5 g / kg, 1.0 g/ kg, 2.0 g / kg) in mice BALB / C healthy for 2 weeks. After the treatment carried out analysis of the percentage and number of cells that express CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+ CD8 + in thymus organ, using flowcytometry. Analysis of data using one-way ANOVA followed Tukey's test with SPSS. From the analysis showed that the extract of Tapak liman at various doses showed no significant effect on the percentage expression of CD4 + CD8 + and CD4 + CD8 + in thymus organs. While the analysis of the number of cells, extracts of Tapak liman show its effect on the number of cells that express CD4+, CD8 + and CD4 + CD8 + in thymus organs. Concentration of 1.0g/kg of mice showed a good effect on the increase in T helper cells (CD4 +), cytotoxic T cells (CD8 +) and Prothymosit cells (CD4 + CD8 +).

Sugar Residues and Their Variations of Distribution on Ovarian Follicles of Timor Deer (Cervus timorensis)

Najda Rifqiyati — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Timor deer is one of Indonesian tropic deer has not most which investigated in Indonesia on biology of reproduction. The data of sugar residues containing on ovarian follicle of timor deer are important to support application of reproduction technology as effort and to increase timor deer utility as livestock with maximal quality.Ovaries isolated from 2 timor deers were fixed with bouin’s and embedded in paraffin wax. Sections 5 µm, were deparaffined, rehydrated and labelled with four different lectins (PHA, RCA, Con A, and LCA). Preantral follicle has founded carbohydrate with D-N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose and mannose sugar residues in cytoplasm and zona pellucida oocyte, granulosa and teca cells. The antral follicle has not founded mannose in oocyte cytoplasm. D-N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, mannose and glucose sugar residues have founded in zona pellucida, folicular liquid, granulosa and teca cells.

Cholesterol Levels, High-Density Lipopolysaccharide and Triglyceride of Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus)

Sarmin — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphrodites) is wild animals included in the list of almost extinct animals. Various chemical indicators that are important in determining the health status of that animals has not been available until now. This study aims to determine the levels of cholesterol, High-Density Lipopolysaccharide (HDL) and triglyceride on the 3 health of Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus). Changes in plasma concentrations of cholesterol, HDL and triglyceride underlying same physiological states were monitored. The results shown that the mean values of cholesterol levels at 181.21 ± 44.50 mg /dl, while Triglyceride levels at 55.38 ± 5.65 mg/dl and HDL levels at 47.73 ± 16.66 mg/dl. The values of these biochemical apparently healthy animal provide valuable baseline information for use in medical further studies performed with this species.

Preview Kidney Function in Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus): Especially Preview of Urea Nitrogen and Creatinin

Sarmin — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Civet is a rare, nearly to extinct animal. Urea and creatinine concentrations in serum are commonly measured as indicators of renal function in clinical settings and as indices of nutritional status in animal but this reference values for the civet are not yet established. This study aimed to assess renal function seen an picture of urea nitrogen, and creatinine at 3 healthy of Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus). The mean values of urea nitrogen were 8.42 ± 1.54 mg /dl while creatinine were 3.16 ±1.65 mg/dl. These results contribute to the picture of kidney function in Hermaphroditus Paradoxurus species as a preliminary determination of the health status of these animals.

Feeding Ecology of Mentawai langur (Presbytis potenziani) in Siberut, Mentawai Islands

Susilo Hadi — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Mentawai langur, Presbytis potenziani are endemic to the Mentawai Islands. The species is categorized as an endangered primate. Loss of suitable forest habitat, t hrough commercial logging and conversion of land to agriculture, and traditional hunting system are the main factor threatening populations of the species in all islands of Mentawai. Despite the urgent need for scientifically based conservation measures, there has been little documentation of their basic information on the ecology and behaviour of the species. Present study, we assessed feeding ecology of the species based on activity budgets, diet (food species, food preferences and food items) and niche breadth using focal animal sampling method. The study was carried out in Peleonan forest, the Mentawai island of Siberut from January 2008 through June 2009 and resulted in more than 2000 contact hours on one group (8 individuals). Results show that activity budget of P. potenziani was dominated by resting (45.7 events/ hour) and feeding (31.8 events/ hour). Meanwhile travelling, foraging, other activity and social behaviour were 6.2, 4.4, 1.3 and 0.6 events/ hour respectively. Regarding diet, P. potenziani used 118 food species in total, however, based on the top ten food species, accounting almost 50% of their overall diets. Average values on food preferences showed that the species mainly fed on fruit, (17.3 events/hour), followed by leaves, flowers and other items (10.8, 1.6 and 1.5 events/ hour respectively). Detailed analysis on food items (certain parts of different plant species eaten) revealed 256 food items in total were eaten by P. potenziani with different feeding proportion. Calculated niche breadths (Levin’s index) of the species revealed a value of 0.22.

Green Tea Extract Protects Endothelial Progenitor Cells from Oxidative Damage Through Reduction of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Activity

Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

A number studies have examined that tea consumption decreases cardiovascular risk, but the mechanisms remain undefined. Endothelial dysfunction has been correlated with coronary artery disease and circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) is contributed of this repair process. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with increased oxidative stress and may be reverse by antioxidant. Green tea is known as free radical scavenger which has a powerful antioxidant action. The aim of this study is to investigate whether green tea extract (GTE) can protect EPCs from oxidative stress through antioxidant protective mechanism. Total mononuclear cells (MNCs) were isolated from peripheral blood by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation. The cells were then plated on fibronectin-coated culture dishes. After being cultured for 7 d, EPCs were characterized as adherent cells double positive for DiLDL-uptake and lectin binding. Further characterizations were done by demonstrating the expression of CD34/45, CD133, and KDR. EPCs were then induced for oxidative stress using various concentrations of H2O2 (50, 100, 200 µM), and incubated with or without GTE (25 mg/L) and result showed that GTE ameliorated the cell viability of H202-induced EPC at concentration 50, 100, 200 µM for about 28.72 ± 10.5%, 34.55 ± 7.64%, and 27.04 ± 3.42%, respectively, higher than that control. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was quantified by fluorescence with 2’,7’- dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) using flow cytometry and showed that GTE decreased intracellular ROS level of H202- induced EPC at concentration 50, 100, 200 µM for about 84.24 ± 8.59 %, 92.27 ± 1.08 %, and 93.72 ± 0.36%, respectively, compare to that control. The result showed that GTE may ameliorate cell viability by decreasing accumulation of intracellular ROS in H202-induced EPCs.

Potential Cytotoxic on Breast Cancer Cells Line and Antioxidant of Water Extract of Catharanthus roseus [L] G.Don., Dendropthoe petandra L., Curcuma mangga Val., Piper betle L.

Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women today. The madagascar prewinkle (Catharanthus roseus [L] G.Don), mango parasite (Dendropthoe petandra L.), white saffron (Curcuma mangga Val), betel leaves (Piper betle L.) have been reported to exhibit antioxidant, antimutation and cytotoxic that suggested the chemopreventive potential against various cancer including breast cancer. This research was conducted to investigate cytotoxic activity on breast cancer cell line T47D, antioxidant activity of C. roseus, D. petandra, C. mangga and P. betle water extracts. The cytotoxic potency was determined with MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3- carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay. The antioxidant activities were determined by using in vitro assay of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. C. roseus water extract was able to inhibit T47D cell proliferation with IC50 4%, D. petandra with IC50 1%, C. mangga with IC50 14% and P. betle with IC50 3%. The highest DPPH scavenging activity of C. roseus was 71.87%, D. petandra was 75.11%, C. mangga was 38.45% and P. betle water extract was 83%. We suggest that D. petandra, P. betle and C. roseus water extract have a potential cytotoxic and antioxidant activities compared with C. mangga water extract.

Preference of Apis cerana to Six Pollen Substitutes

Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Adequate substitutes for pollen are necessary for maintaining healthy honeybee colonies during periods of pollen dearth. The research aimed to make pollen substitutes preferred by honeybee Apis cerana. Basic ingredients of pollen substitutes (PSs) were defatted soy flour and skim milk. There were six pollen substitutes prepared for the honeybee colonies. Three PSs contained yeasts associated with the honeybee, one PS contained commercial baker yeast, and two PSs without adding dry yeasts. PS1 contained basic ingredients, Candida hawaiiana CR015, and honey; PS2 contained basic ingredients, C. parapsilosis CR057, and honey; PS3 contained basic ingredients, Debaryomyces hansenii CR133, and honey; PS4 contained basic ingredients, commercial baker yeast, and honey; PS5 contained basic ingredients and sugar syrup; PS6 contained basic ingredients and honey. The PSs were fed daily in paste form. No pollen substitute was given to the control colonies. The pollen substitutes were fed to colonies of A. cerana for 20 days, and they were allowed to forage on flowers. Amount of pollen substitutes consumed by the honeybee were weighted daily. The consumption data of each pollen substitute per day were used to determine the preference of the honeybee for a particular pollen substitute. The results showed that the pollen substitutes containing C. hawaiiana CR015 (PS1) and commercial baker yeast (PS4) were more preferred by A. cerana compare to other pollen substitutes (PS2, PS3, PS4, and PS6). The pollen substitute made of basic ingredients and sugar syrup (PS5) was the least consumed or not preferred by A. cerana.

Cytotoxic Activity Prescreen of Leaves of Primate Consumed Plants Subclassis dilleniidae and hamamelididae Using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test

A. Zuhrotun, A. Diantini, A. Subarnas, R. Abdullah, M. Thamrin — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) is a prescreened method of cytotoxic activity which one of its aim is finding a new cancer agent. The closest relatives between human and nonhuman primate emerge an idea to utilize a primate consumed plant as an alternative medicinal. In this experiment, five plants extracts from each subclassis (Dilleniidae and Hamamalididae) were tested using BSLT. The result showed that nine of ten extract were toxic (LC50 < 1000 µg/mL) and the highest activity was given by Tangkolo (Kleinhovia hospita) extract whose LC50 was 88,025 µg/mL. Furthermore, Tangkolo extract was fractionated by Liquid-Liquid Extraction using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water. All fractions then tested by BSLT. The result showed that ethyl acetate fraction gave the highest activity. The LC50 value of n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction respectively were 93,998 µg/mL, 53,333 µg/mL and 757,424 µg/mL.

Tree Species Diversity of Kerinci-Seblat National Park and Its Potentials for Natural Substances-Based Medicines

Agus Susatya — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Indonesia has long been known as a country with enormous species diversity, which can be sustainably explored its various functions. Unfortunately such a natural treasury has been neglected, even though it contains many natural substances for medical uses that can generate significant economical advantages and increase human welfare. Plants generally develop defense mechanisms against herbivores and pathogens through both mechanical structures and biochemical substances. The latter can be explored for their pharmaceutical uses. The objective of the study is to conduct a preliminary assessment on the potential of Kerinci- Seblat as a source for natural substances for medical uses. A plot of 1 ha was established and all trees with > 5 cm were measured, and collected their herbarium specimens, then identified. Their pharmaceutical potentials were determined through various literature reviews. The results show 27, 147, and 11 tree species respectively potentially contain Benzyl-isoquinoline (BI), Ellagic acid dan proanthocyanins (EL&P), dan Iridoid (Ir). These substances can be used to fight heart-related disorder, diabetics, and to develop natural-based drugs for antioxidants, antivirus, and anti depressants. Natural substances within sixteen families and 60 species can be further developed into anti cancer drugs, while 13 families and 30 species contain potentially substances that can be used to fight HIV.

Morphological Variation and Phenetic Relationship of Hyacinth Bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara

Ervina Titi Jayanti, Rina S. Kasiamdari, Budi S. Daryono — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) is a member of Fabaceae which has high economic potential but is still treated as an underutilized crop. Research on hyacinth bean in Indonesia so far is only focused on bio-chemical content and protein isolate. However, the study on morphological characters of hyacinth bean has never been conducted. The aimed of this research was to study morphological variation and the phenetic relationship of hyacinth bean germplasm (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. The research was conducted in 4 regencies (East Lombok, Central Lombok, West Lombok and North Lombok) and samples (stem, leaf, flower, fruit, and seed) were collected using exploration method.The result showed that based on the morphological characters, the 26 collected samples showed that there were morphological differences on stem color, pod morphology (color, edge, texture), and seed morphology (color, shape, and spot existence). Furthermore, phenetic relationship of 26 OTU’s (Operational Taxonomy Unit) based on 78 morphological characters showed that the hyacinth bean was divided into 2 large groups. The groups was differentiated by pod color. Group I had white or green pod with light or dark green edge while group II had white pod with purple edge. Member of group II was a dominant germplasm of hyacinth bean.

Diversity of Birds in Tepus Village of Gunungkidul District of Yogyakarta

Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Tepus village of Gunungkidul District is one of the coastal regions of karst in the Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Coastal karst area generally has its own species of avi fauna that typical considering several factors supporting the life of birds as well as the existence of the reef, the typical vegetation of karst and others. This research aims to discover the diversity species of birds in the Tepus village of Gunungkidul District. The study was conducted during two months in May - June 2011. We retrieval the data with Explore Method and analyze it with an Encounter Rates Method. Observers are divided into 3 groups with different observation spot but are in one location. The types of birds are observed will be identified, count the number of individual preference, and recorded in a table of observations. The results showed there are 42 species of birds included into 22 families. Types with the highest abundance are in Cave Swiftlet (Collocalia linchi) with a value of 193.548387. Species of birds endemic to the island of Java that was found was the Sunda Coucal (Centropus nigrorufus), Flame-Fronted Barbet (Megalaima armillaris), Plain Prinia (Prinia inornata), and the Brown Prinia (Prinia polychroa). The Sunda Coucal is recorded VU (Vulnerable)/ threatened in Red list of IUCN. Based on the Status of the rules of international trade in CITES, Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) which was recorded in the area are listed in Appendix I. Beside of that there are eight species of birds are listed as protected species Act No. 5/1999 and PP No. 7/1999.

Detection of Immunoglobulin Geneheavy Chain Binding Protein in Eimeria tenella Collected from Yogyakarta Using One Step Reverse Transcriptase PCR

Galuh Tresnani, J. Prastowo, W. Nurcahyo, B. S. Daryono — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Coccidiosis is an infection disease caused by Eimeria tenella in chicken intestine. The disease causes the economic lost in poultry industry. This disease is very difficult to be controlled for some reasons, e.g.the lack of accurate diagnostic tools, expensive vaccinationcost, and coccidiost at resistance in Eimeria. Immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (IHC-BiP) is an immunogenic agent for internal parasite which involves 70 families of Eimeria in the heat shock protein. Gene sequence of the binding protein(IHC-BiP) was found in E. tenella and E. maxima from United Kingdom, however there is no information about this gene in Eimeria from Indonesia. This research was aimed to find IHC- BiP gene in four developmental stages of E. tenella collected from Yogyakarta. Samples were collected from the field and propagated in 50 chickens. Each chicken was infected with 10.000 E. tenella oocysts. The oocyst of E. tenella from propagation were then sporulated and prepared for sporocyst and sporozoite stages. Total RNAs were isolated from each stage of E. tenella development (unsporulated oocyst, sporulated oocyst, sporocyst, and sporozoite) and the gene was detected by one step reverse transcriptase PCR(RT-PCR). The result showed that the IHC-BiP gene was only found in sporocyst stage of E. tenella and did not in other stages. The gene has size of 714 bp. This study suggests that the IHC-BiP protein of E. tenella from Yogyakarta is produced during sporulation, especially in sporocyst stage.

Amplification and Sequencing Growth Hormone Genes in the Nurseri Center for PO Cattle on Balai Besar Inseminasi Buatan (BBIB) Singosari and Unit Perusahaan Aliansi (UPA) Pasuruan

Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to amplify the bovine growth hormone gene and learn the sequence of bases as well as the homology of growth hormone gene from the gene bank. This is important because as a Indonesia local cattle in this study will be a sperm-producing parental stock which will then be used by the farmers through insemination techniques. Related to our research goal, DNA sampels of 3 superior bull PO at BBIB Singosari, East Java and 10 PO cow of the parental stock at UPA Pasuruan, East Java had been analyzed. DNA isolation had been conducted by salting out technique on the total samples, followed by PCR-sequecing procedure. The process of amplification of bovine growth hormone gene carried by one pair of primer. The process of DNA amplification by PCR generating 329 bp long. Results showed that correct amplicon sequencing is the bovine growth hormone gene showed 99% homology with the GH gene Bos indicus Breed Butane that has been published in GenBank.

Isolation, Characterisation and Identification of Sea Urchin-Associated Bacillus in Mentigi Beach, West Lombok

Novi Febrianti, Bambang Fajar Suryadi — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

The genus Bacillus is gram-negative bacterium that can be found in the variety of habitat and can be isolated from many sources. This genus have many potential, mainly as a new source of antibiotic substance. The objectives of the study are to isolate, characterize and identify sea urchin-associated Bacillus in Mentigi Beach, West Lombok. Sea urchin-associated Bacillus were isolated from the external and internal part of the body of sea urchin that had been heated at 80o C. This research was able to obtain four Baclllus isolates, namely 1A, 2J, and 3L. On the basis of phenotypic characterizationed by using profile matching method isolates 1A was assigned to Bacillus spahericus, isolate 2J to Bacillus carotarum, and isolate 3L to Bacillus cereus.

Isolation and Identification of Rhizoctonia Associated with Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume Roots

Khaterine, Nurbaity Situmorang, Rina Sri Kasiamdari — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Most of orchid mycorrhizal fungi are from Rhizoctonia genus and these fungi have known can enhance the growth of orchid. This study aimed to isolate and identify Rhizoctonia associated with Phalaenopsis amabilis roots. Isolation of Rhizoctonia from healthy roots was carried out using a modification of Yuan method. Identification was based on the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Nuclei were stained with safranin O and KOH. Four Rhizoctonia isolates isolated from root of Ph. amabilis were identified as Ceratorhiza sp1, Ceratorhiza sp2, Epulorhiza repens, and Moniliopsis sp. Nuclear staining revealed that Ceratorhiza sp1, Ceratorhiza sp2 and Epulorhiza repens were binucleate and Moniliopsis sp. was multinucleate.

The Variation of Diversity of Cave Bats Dweller in Tuban and Menoreh Karstic Area Indonesia

Tatag Bagus Putra Prakarsa, Satino, Muhammad Fajri Rohmad — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

Indonesia has wide and segmented karstics landscape. The climate characteristics and the locations (the altitude and the latitude) give the possibility for the high level of biodiversity and uniqueness to the each area, both exokarstic (aboveground) area and endokarstic (underground) area. The variation is not restricted in species within the different area but also in species in the same area. The two compared area in this research are Tuban and Menoreh Karstic area. These two areas have some differences based on the location. Tuban’s karstics area is located near the dry coastal but as the contrary Menoreh karstics area is located on the high damp cold plateau. The total species found within those two areas are 17 species that belong to 7 different families. 9 species were found within those two areas, 4 species were only found within the Tuban’s karstic area, and 4 species were only found within Menoreh’s karstics area. The species distribution that is different from one are to others is affected by the condition of the karstics area itself both exokarstics and endokarstics. Furthermore, environment causes variation within species on the different karstics area.

Identification of Pheromone Binding Protein Gene of Yellow Rice Stem Borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Jazirotul Fitriyati, Rika Raffiudi, I Made Samudra — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0700

The yellow rice stem borers (YRSB) moth, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is known as the most major rice stem borer in tropical Asia. Pesticides are not effective to control the population of these insects due to almost entire larvae phase and pupae are in the rice stem. Hence, other control technique is needed such as based on the mating behaviour. Pheromone binding protein (PBP) in male S. incertulas antennae plays a role in the recognition of sex pheromone produced by the female, therefore influenced in their mating behavior. The aim of this study was to identify PBP gene of S. incertulas. Touchdown PCR and touchdown-nested PCR were the main techniques conducted to identify genomic of PBP gene from S. incertulas and revealed 700 and 600 bp amplicons, respectively. Those amplicons strongly expected as PBP gene. Sequence analysis of S. incertulas from touchdown-nested amplicon identified 575 bp which was consisted of 169 bp of exon 3 and 406 bp of intron 2. This study revealed putative amino acid sequences of exon 3 from S. incertulas has one conserved cysteine while other Lepidopterans PBP have three conserved cysteine. In phylogenetic analysis, the putative amino acid sequences obtained, showed a phylogenetic signal i.e. by clustering with PBPs from other Crambidae moths. The result of this study is important as a basic data for PBP expression analysis in female or male S. incertulas as the initial step to develope new insect biocontrol.