The Difference in Cranium Morphological Characteristics of Homo sapiens, Pithecanthropus erectus, and Pithecanthropus soloensis
Keywords:
Keywords: Homo sapiens; Pithecanthropus erectus; Pithecanthropus soloensis; cranium; morphology.Abstract
Abstract. Modern human (Homo sapiens) are living things that have evolved through the evolutionary process from a kind of Primates. The history of human evolution is studied through discovery of fossilized body parts in layers of the earth. Early human Pithecanthropus is the most type commonly found in Indonesia, such as Pithecanthropus erectus and Pithecanthropus soloensis. Early human have different physical characters from modern human. Morphological characters are commonly used for identification of early human fossils. Cranium plays an important role in fossil identification because it has different variations between species as a result of evolution. This study aims to determine the differences in cranium morphological characters from H. sapiens, P. erectus, and P. soloensis. The research was conducted by observing the morphological characters of cranium. Data analysis with descriptive qualitative. The difference in cranium morphological characteristics of H. sapiens, P. erectus, and P. soloensis are the shape of cranium in verticalis norm, parietal tuber, and supraorbital torus. Cranium morphological characters is simply and reliable to identify the types of hominid species.
Downloads
References
Kupczik, K., Dobson, C. A., Crompton, R. H., Phillips, R., Oxnard, C. E., Fagan, M. J., & Higgins, P. O. (2009). Masticatory loading and bone adaptation in the supraorbital torus of developing macaques. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 139, 193–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20972 Martinková, A., & Janiga, M. (1999). Quantitative comparisons of cranial shape and size in adults of Felis silvestris, Vulpes vulpes, Mustela putorius and Mustela nivalis from the West Carpathians (Slovakia). Oecologia Montana, 8, 32–37. Noerwidi, S. (2003). Keterkaitan Kronologi Budaya Situs Ceruk Uattamdi dengan Proses Migrasi-Kolonisasi Manusia di Maluku Utara. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Ilmu Budaya UGM. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26550.75844 Pope, G. G., & Cronin, J. E. (1984). The Asian Hominidae. Journal of Human Evolution, 13, 377–396. Rightmire, G. P., Margvelashvili, A., & Lordkipanidze, D. (2018). Variation among the Dmanisi Hominins: multiple taxa or one species? Am J Phys Anthropol, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23759 Tattersall, I., & Schwartz, J. H. (2009). Evolution of the genus Homo. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci, 37, 67–92. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100202 Tseveendorj, D., Gunchinsuren, B., Gelegdorj, E., Yi, S., & Lee, S.-H. (2016). Patterns of human evolution in Northeast Asia with a particular focus on Salkhit. Quaternary International, 400, 175– 179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.074 Walker, A., & Leakey, R. (1993). The nariokotome Homo erectus skeleton. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Wood, B., & Richmond, B. G. (2000). Human evolution: taxonomy and paleobiology. J Anat, 196, 19–60.